Lessons to learn: COVID-19 epidemic in Italy

Here we provide the assessment of COVID-19 epidemic in Italy, which scale has led to serious challenges both for society and national health care system. Despite timely information regarding the pandemic spread of the novel coronavirus infection, the country’s health care was not prepared to dramatically increased rate of patients with viral pneumonia at the first stage of the epidemic, infection control measures were not fully implemented that also led to spread of infection among health care workers. Socially vulnerable population groups did not seek timely medical care due to the lack of hospital facilities as well as well-trained medical personnel. At the second stage of developing epidemic, were also delayed and executed at varying timepoints in neighbor regions, with sustained insufficient management after implementing them that was reflected as ongoing rise of epidemic curve over long time. Delayed execution of anti-epidemic restrictive measures aimed at fighting against ongoing epidemic resulted in substantially increased morbidity and mortality among vulnerable population groups and retarded rate of decreasing COVID-19 epidemic curve. Analyzing response measures taken in Italy against COVID-19 epidemic should be appreciated by other countries while dealing with the current pandemic and preparing to react to novel biological threats in the future

Born in Wuhan: lessons from COVID-19 epidemic in China

The COVID-19 epidemic curve in China can be divided into several stages. Despite transparency in informing the world public about clusters of undiagnosed viral pneumonia, the country’s health care at the first stage of the epidemic was not ready to provide adequate and rapid response for a fast increase in the number of patients with COVID-19, infection control measures were not fully implemented, which also led to a large number of nosocomial cases of infection among medical workers and patients. Socially vulnerable groups of the population did not refer for medical assistance in a timely manner due to the lack of the disease danger understanding and also in connection with the high cost for them of medical aid. At the second stage, simultaneously with the restrictive measures introduced by the government, the entire health care system was rebooted: free medical care for patients with COVID-19 was provided and the strictest infection control measures were implemented, multi-level contact tracking system using IT technologies was organized, and the capacity of hospitals was increased many times. Through the joint efforts of ministries, mass media, social networks and volunteer movements, an unprecedented social mobilization of the population was achieved. Strict implementation of the entire set of measures aimed at fighting the epidemic allowed to take it under strict control at the third stage and practically eliminate the epidemic after 2,5 months. China’s response to the COVID-19 epidemic can be useful to other countries, in fighting the current pandemic and in preparing for a response to biological threats in the future

Role of justice while implementing civilian control measures in modern Russian society

The article is devoted to the diagnosis of justice as one of the fundamental social values. It is emphasized that justice is one of the most significant motivators for civil actions due to the sociocultural specificity of the Russian Federatio

Компетенции фтизиатров и врачей первичного звена здравоохранения при оказании противотуберкулезной помощи населению

.

COVID-19 travel restrictions and the International Health Regulations – Call for an open debate on easing of travel restrictions

CITATION: Petersen, E. et al. 2020. COVID-19 travel restrictions and the International Health Regulations : call for an open debate on easing of travel restrictions. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 94:88–90, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.029.The original publication is available at https://www.journals.elsevier.com/international-journal-of-infectious-diseasesENGLISH ABSTRACT: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused national governments worldwide to mandate several generic infection control measures such as physical distancing, self-isolation, and closure of non-essential shops, restaurants schools, among others. Some models suggest physical distancing would have to persist for 3 months to mitigate the peak effects on health systems and could be required on an intermittent basis for 12 to 18 months (Flaxman et al., 2020).Publisher's versio

Редкие клинические формы хронического бруцеллеза

Brucellosis is the most common and severe infectious disease in the group of zoonotic infections. This disease is characterized by a multisysitemic lesion. The difficulties in diagnosing this disease are associated with the pathogenetic features of the development of brucellosis, namely prolonged bacteremia, which causes the development of secondary foci of infection in various organs and tissues, manifested by a variety of clinical manifestations, the erasure of symptoms of the disease, as well as the appearance of rare clinical forms of brucellosis.One of the rare clinical manifestations of chronic brucellosis is the defeat of the cardiovascular system and the defeat of the nervous system. According to the latest literature data, cardiovascular complications of brucellosis in humans account for only 3%, but are the main cause of death in 80%. Damage to the nervous system is rare, with a registered frequency of 3% to 13%.Clinical manifestations of neurobrucellosis are diverse and can mimic many other neurological diseases. The most common manifestations of brucellosis may be meningitis, meningoencephalitis. Despite the rare occurrence, these forms of the disease are severe, lead to disability and mortality with late diagnosis. The article presents clinical cases of brucellosis with lesions of the heart and central nervous system.Бруцеллез является наиболее распространенным и тяжелым инфекционным заболеванием в группе зоонозных инфекций. Данное заболевание отличается мультисиситемностью поражения. Трудности диагностики данного заболевания связаны с патогенетическими особенностями развития бруцеллеза, а именно с длительной бактериемией, которая обусловливает развитие вторичных очагов инфекции в различных органах и тканях, проявляющимися многообразием клинических проявлений, стертостью симптомов заболевания, а также появлением редких клинических форм бруцеллеза.Одними из редких клинических проявлений хронического бруцеллеза являются поражение сердечно-сосудистой системы и поражение нервной системы. По последним литературным данным, сердечно-сосудистые осложнения бруцеллеза у человека составляют всего 3%, однако являются основной причиной смерти в 80%. Поражение нервной системы встречается редко, с зарегистрированной частотой от 3% до 13%.Клинические проявления нейробруцеллеза разнообразны и могут имитировать многие другие неврологические заболевания. Наиболее частыми проявлениями при бруцеллезе могут быть менингит, менингоэнцефалит. Несмотря на редкую встречаемость, данные формы заболевания протекают тяжело, приводят к инвалидизации и летальности при поздней диагностике. В статье представлены клинические случаи бруцеллеза с поражением сердца и центральной нервной системы

Use of Personal Protection Equipment by Moscow Subway Passengers under Conditions of COVID-19 Pandemic

The Subway is the most important means of transport in Moscow. The active flows of passengers in the metro can contribute to the spread of infectious diseases with airborne and contact mechanisms of transmission, including the coronavirus infection COVID-19. The aim of the study was to assess the level of adherence to the use of personal protective equipment (facial masks, gloves) by passengers of the Moscow Subway. Materials and methods. A prospective study based on a visual assessment of passengers in a rolling stock of the Moscow subway, with division into cohorts of those using masks and gloves (K1), using only masks (K2), using masks in violation of the rules of use (K3) and not using personal protection equipment (K4) was conducted. Observations were carried out during the 42nd and 43rd weeks of 2020 in various subway clusters with a division in time into morning, afternoon and evening hours. Additionally, passengers were ranked into groups by occupation during the trip. Statistical processing included the identification of frequencies, their 95 % confidence intervals. To compare the significance of differences in the prevalence of features in paired groups, the methods of 4-field tables (χ2 Pearson) were used. Results and discussion. 18053 observations were validated, covering 61.3 % of stations. Men accounted for 54.7 % (9867). During the observation period, the following shares were established: K1 – 5.2 % (95 % CI 4.9–5.5), K2 – 51.9 % (95 % CI 51.2–52.7), K3 – 26.9 (95 % CI 26.2–27.6), K4 – 16 % (95 % CI 15.4–16.6). The level of adherence to the proper use of PPE is significantly lower among men. Land lines have the lowest proportion of passengers using PPE. Among passengers using electronic devices and paper media, a higher proportion of those wearing masks with violation of the rules of use, compared to passengers without activities, was established. Among passengers using electronic devices, the proportion of those using gloves is the lowest. Within two weeks of follow-up, a significant increase in the frequency of PPE use was revealed

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ПРЕПАРАТОВ СИСТЕМНОЙ ЭНЗИМОТЕРАПИИ В КОМПЛЕ КСНОЙ ТЕРАПИИ РОЖИ: ОЦЕНКА С ПОЗИЦИИ ФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИ КИ

Purpose. The aim of the study was to estimate the efficiency and economic feasibility of prescribing systemic enzyme therapy in the composition with standard etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy of erysipelas of lower extremities.Materials and methods. For this purpose, 62 patients with erysipelas of lower extremities were investigated. Standard therapy (antibiotics, non-steroids, anti-inflammatories) was administered in the 1th group of patients (n=32), patients of the 2th group (n=30) received natural systemic proteolytic enzymes within the acute period of disease additionally to the basic scheme of therapy. The clinic-economic parameters such as cost of illness and the indicator “cost-efficiency” were estimated.Results. The study has revealed the clinic and economic efficiency of systemic enzyme therapy in the combination therapy of erysipelas, which was confirmed by significant reduction of duration of in-patient treatment and decreasing the rate of recurrence of the disease, reduction of the full cost of the disease and the level of cost-effectivenes.Conclusion. Use of systemic enzymes is economically feasible and can reduce the full cost of treatment andincrease its efficiencyЦелью исследования явилось изучение эффективности и экономической целесообразности назначения препаратов системной энзимотерапии в составе в комплексной терапии рожи.Материалы и методы. У 62 пациентов с рожей нижних конечностей, из которых 32 получали стандартную этиопатогенетическую терапию, а 30 – терапию, дополненную препаратами системной энзимотерапии, проводились определение полной стоимости болезни и фармако-экономического параметра «затраты – эффективность».Результаты. В результате исследования была подтверждена экономическая целесообразность использования препаратов системной энзимотерапии в составе комплексной терапии рожи, что подтверждалось существенным сокращением длительности стационарного лечения и рецидивов заболевания, снижением полной стоимости заболевания и показателя «затраты – эффективность».Заключение. Применение системной энзимотерапии экономически целесообразно, так как позволяетсократить затраты на лечение и повышает его эффективность

University students’ education by means of online technologies

Introduction. During the past ten years the important changes in educational programs of higher education point out the transition from the traditional live lecture form to the distance learning form (the online training format). Training for innovative engineering activities requires to involve students in the online training format and to explore its applicability.The aim of the present article is to identify the areas of the effective use of the online training format in the educational process for high school institutions and the prospects of further development of the distance learning.Methodology and research methods. In this article, an integration of theoretical and practical training of the innovative engineering with the methods of the analysis and synthesis, a pedagogical experiment and mathematical statistics were used.Results. The areas of use of the online learning in the field of traditional and innovative formats of training have been identified. A subsystem of storage of the information on the course of educational activities is suggested. A high efficiency of the distance learning application is confirmed by the results of a pedagogical experiment within the unified programs for a wide audience of students and persons having the right to an individual work schedule.Scientific novelty. The performed research contributes to identify the framework of the effective use of the online learning at higher education institutions. The suggested form of storage of the information on the education process events in a separate subsystem allow for processing and generalising the data with the use of the BigData and DataMining technologies.Practical significance. Further development of the research presented in this article might be focused on the establishment of numerical relations when using various education formats within various disciplines providing the greatest effect when training students at higher education institutions.Введение. В последнее десятилетие наметилась серьезная тенденция перевода традиционной лекционной формы обучения в вузах в дистанционный режим. Подготовка к инновационной инженерной деятельности требует вовлечения студентов в онлайн-формат обучения, с одной стороны, и определения рамок применимости этого формата, с другой. Цель статьи – определить области эффективного использования онлайн-формата в учебном процессе вузов и перспективы дальнейшего развития дистанционного обучения.Материалы и методы. При написании статьи использовались интеграция опыта теоретического и практического обучения инновационной инженерной деятельности, методы анализа и синтеза, педагогический эксперимент. Результаты. В работе определены рамки применимости онлайн-технологий в поле традиционных и инновационных форматов обучения. Предложена подсистема накопления информации о ходе учебного процесса. Высокая эффективность применения дистанционного обучения подтверждена результатами педагогического эксперимента с использованием унифицированных учебных программ для широкой аудитории обучающихся и для контингента, имеющего право на выбор индивидуального графика работы. Научная новизна. Выполненные исследования позволяют определять рамки эффективного использования онлайн-формата обучения в вузах. Предложенная форма накопления информации о событиях учебного процесса в виде отдельной подсистемы дает возможность обобщать данные с использованием технологий Big Data и Data Mining.Практическая значимость. Дальнейшим направлением исследования может стать установление численных соотношений при использовании разнообразных форм обучения по различным дисциплинам, которые дают максимальный эффект при обучении студентов в высших учебных заведениях